Assessment of Malaria, Anemia and Nutrition status of school-going children in the rural area of Charsadda, Pakistan
Abstract
Malaria, anemia, and malnutrition are global health challenges with significant morbidity and mortality, and higher rates among children particularly in Africa. This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of malaria infection, anemia, and malnutrition among school-going children of Charsadda (a city of Khyber, Pakistan). A total of 400 children of aged 5-10 years were included in the study in 2023. Malaria infection was confirmed by rapid diagnostic tests. Hematocrit level was obtained using a centrifuge microhematocrit and converted to hemoglobin using standard conversion. Nutritional status was determined by the anthropometric measurements, and demographic characteristics were obtained by questionnaire. Anemia and malnutrition were defined according to the World Health Organization standards. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine association between the predictor variables and primary outcomes. In current research work 400 children were selected for the assessment of malaria and nutritional status, malaria infection was found more frequent among the students 120(12%). In addition, high prevalence of anemia 105(10.5%), malnutrition 90(9%), and stunting 70(7%) was observed, while wasting 2(0.2%) and underweight 20(2%0 had very low frequency. Malaria infection, anemia, and malnutrition were observed in12%, 10.5% and 9% of the children population, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the current health problems among the school-going children of district Charsadda the prevalence of malaria, anemia and malnutrition and their co-existence in children 5-10 years.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
WHO. World malaria report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization;2016. http://www.who.int/maaria/publications/world-malaria report2016/report/en/Accessed 27 Apr 2018. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1548-3
Eyong EEJ, Kengne-Ouafo AJ, Chounna PW, Datchoua-Poutcheu FR, Wanji S. Altitudinal variation in the parasitological and entomological indices of malaria around Mount Cameroon, South West Region of Cameroon. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology 2016;8:74–85. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPVB2016.0242
Sumbele IU, Ning TR, Bopda OS, Nkuo-Akenji T. Variation in malariometric and red cell indices in children in the Mount Cameroon area following enhanced malaria control measures: evidence from a repeated crosssectional study. Malaria Journal. 2014;13:334. DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-334
Kimbi HK, Nkesa SB, Ndamukong-Nyanga JL, Sumbele IUN, Atashali J, Atanga MB. Knowledge and perceptions towards malaria prevention among vulnerable groups in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:883. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-883
Apinjoh TO, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Mugri RN, Tangoh DA, Nyingchu RV, Chi HF, et al. The efect of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) on Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural and semi urban communities in the South West Region of Cameroon. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0116300.
Ebai CB, Kimbi HK, Sumbele IUN, Yunga JE, Lehman LG. Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Ikata-Likoko area of Mount Cameroon: a cross sectional study. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health. 2016;16:1–12. DOI: 10.9734/IJTDH/2016/25890
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Global Health. 2013;1:e16–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9
UNICEF. United Nations interagency group for child mortality estimation. Levels and trends in child mortality. In. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2014.http://www.childmortality.org/fles_v21/download/ unicef-2013-child-mortality-report-LR 10_31_14_195. DOI 20.500.12592/k9c67c
Kateera F, Ingabire CM, Hakizimana E, Kalinda P, Mens PF, Grobusch MP, et al. Malaria, anaemia and under-nutrition: three frequently coexisting conditions among preschool children in rural Rwanda. Malarial Journal.2015;14:440. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0973-z
Alcázar L. The economic impact of anaemia in Peru. Anemia 2013: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12820/50
Njunda AL, Ngouadjeu DT, Nsagha D, Nyanjoh EM, Kwenti T, Assob NJ. Haematological profle of children with malaria in Kumba Health District, South West Region Cameroon. African Journal of Integrated Health. 2016;6:23–9. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1548-3
Sumbele IUN, Sama SO, Kimbi HK, Taiwe GS. Malaria, moderate to severe anaemia, and malarial anaemia in children at presentation to hospital in the Mount Cameroon area: across-sectional study. Anemia.2016;2016:5725634. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5725634
Wanzira H, Katamba H, Okullo AE, Agaba B, Kasule M, Rubahika D. Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Malaria Indicator Survey dataset. Malarial Journal. 2017;16:191. DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1847-3
Boussougou-Sambe ST, Awono-Ambene P, Tasse GC, Etang J, Binyang JA, Nouage LD, et al. Physical integrity and residual bio-efcacy of used LLINs in three cities of the South-West Region of Cameroon 4 years after the frst national mass-distribution campaign. Malaria Journal. 2017;16:31. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1690-6
Caulfeld LE, Richard SA, Black RE. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity and mortality in children less than fve years old. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2004;71(suppl 2):55–63. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2492-1
Sumbele IUN, Kimbi HK, Ndamukong-Nyanga JL, Nweboh M, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Lum E, et al. Malarial anaemia and anaemia severity in apparently healthy primary school children in urban and rural settings in the Mount Cameroon area: cross sectional survey. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0123549. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123549
Nyaaba DA, Brown PK, Agbenorhevi JK. Assessing the association between nutritional status and asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia of children under fve years in Ghana. Pyrex J Nutrition Metabolism. 2017;2:1–14. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2492-1
WHO. World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/en/. Accessed 27 Apr 018. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2492-1
Unicef. Improving child nutrition. The achievable imperative for global progress. 2013. New York: UNICEF; 2016.https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/ index_68661.html. Accessed 27 Apr 2018.
Akiyama T, Pongvongsa T, Phrommala S, Taniguchi T, Inamine Y, Takeuchi R, et al. Asymptomatic malaria, growth status, and anaemia among children in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: a cross-sectional study. Malaria Journal. 2016;15:499. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1548-3
Sumbele IUN, Bopda OSM, Kimbi HK, Ning TR, Nkuo-Akenji T. Nutritional status of children in a malaria meso endemic area: cross sectional study on prevalence, intensity, predictors, infuence on malaria parasitaemia and anaemia severity. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1099.
Martorell R, Rivera J, Kaplowitz H, Pollitt E. Long-term consequence of growth retardation during early childhood. In: Hernandez M, Argente J, editors. Human growth: basic and clinical aspects. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ; 1992. p. 143–9.
UNICEF. Annual Report 2015. New York: 2015.https://www.unicef.org/ publications/index_92018.html. Accessed 27 Apr 2018. DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2492-1
Nkuo-Akenji TK, Sumbele I, Mankah E, Njunda A, Samje M, Kamga L. The burden of malaria and malnutrition among children less than 14 years of age in a rural village of Cameroon. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008;8:252–64. DOI:10.4314/ajfand.v8i3.19110.
Best, C., Neufingerl, N., Van Geel, L., van den Briel, T., & Osendarp, S. (2010). The nutritional status of school-aged children: why should we care?. Food and nutrition bulletin, 31(3), 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651003100303.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v5i3.377
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.